ISHS Acta Horticulturae 681: IV International Congress on Artichoke
NEMATODE PARASITES OF ARTICHOKE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT |
| Authors: | N. Greco, M. Di Vito, M. Basile |
| Keywords: | Chemical and non-chemical management, lesion, needle, root-knot, and stubby root nematodes. |
| Abstract:
The most economically important nematode pests of artichoke include: root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica, M.fallax and M. cynariensis, root lesion nematodes Pratylenchus penetrans and P. thornei, and the virus vector nematodes Longidorus apulus, L. fasciatus and Trichodorus spp. The first three root-knot nematode species cause severe damage in Italy and Brazil, M. fallax in the Netherlands and M. cynariensis in Vietnam. Pratylenchus penetrans is damaging to artichoke in France and Greece. Longidorus apulus and L. fasciatus are vectors of the Artichoke Italian Latent Virus (AILV), but also cause direct damage by parasitizing the roots of this crop. Although several other nematodes associated with artichoke have been reported, their damage has never been demonstrated. The implementation of good sanitation practices such as the use of clean transplanting plant material, maintained in substrates free of nematodes and the selection of fields free of nematode pests of artichoke are the best approaches to avoid nematode problems under field conditions. Therefore, attention must be paid to nursery soil and substrates, which should be inspected to be free of nematodes, before and after planting nematode-free propagative plant material. The use of soil solarization, soil amendements, nematicide plants and of long term crop rotations would be the most effective non-chemical management practices. However, these practices are not always feasible. Fast and efficient approach to nematode control is by pre-planting soil treatments with fumigant nematicides. Such chemicals are methyl bromide (60 g/m2), 1,3-D (200-400l/ha), dazomet (500-700 kg/ha), and metham sodium (1000-2000 l/ha). If post plant treatment is needed, then application of one of the several non fumigant nematicides including aldicarb, ethoprophos, phenamiphos, oxamyl, carbofuran (all at 10-20 kg a.i./ha), fosthyazate (3 kg a.i./ha) or cadusaphos (4-6 kg a.i./ha) provide satisfactory results. Importantly all chemicals used for nematode control must be applied according to country regulations and at appropriate rates and timing to avoid unsafe accumulation of their residues in artichoke heads. | |
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