ISHS Acta Horticulturae 424: II International Rose Symposium
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND SOCIO ECONOMICAL FACTORS ON MODE OF CULTIVATION AND RESEARCH OF ROSE PLANTS |
| Author: | N. Zieslin |
| Abstract:
At the present state of scientific knowledge and the existing technology production of greenhouse roses become feasible everywhere from the deserts of Arizona and Israel to Alaska, Minnesota and the polar circle of Scandinavia. With the modern ways of distribution of the know-how and possibilities of transportation, several types of rose farming have been developed in various climatic regions of the world. These types of rose production differ according to the climatic conditions and the socio-economic factors. This development resulted in formation of 2 major and 2 or 3 secondary types of rose production. One of the major types is prevalent in the northern regions of the globe such as Holland, Scandinavia and North America with high energy consumption for the production of winter roses, including heating, artificial lighting and carbon dioxide enrichment. This type, which might be named as a phytotronic approach is characterized by: a) high cost of investment in order of 200–300 US $ per m2; b) high level of technological development; c) high cost of labor in the order of 20 US $ per m2 with accordingly high technical skills of the labor force; d) high cost of investment in means for elimination of environmental pollution; e) large units of production, 2–3 ha; f) high level of plant productivity; g) short distances from sites of production to sites of marketing and h) modern, highly developed system of year-round marketing. The phytotronic approach, characterized by climatic and economical constrains of rose production is accompanied by extensive relevant research in order to overcome the limiting factors. The second of the major types of rose flower production is situated in southern regions of the world, with climatic conditions favourable for naturally year-round production of rose flowers. The most known centers of this type are located high elevated above the sea level, close to the equator areas such as in Colombia and Ecuador in Latin America or Kenya and Zimbabwe in Africa and some others. This type of rose production could be characterized by: a) low investment in order of 20–50 US $ per m2; b) extremely low cost of labor; c) low energy consumption; d) large units of production, and e) long distance from the markets. The production and manipulation of the harvested flowers are not accompanied by relevant research but based upon transfer of the know-how from other countries such as Holland and Israel. A third, although quantitatively less important, type of rose cultivation but of a distinctive kind is represented by the Israeli example. This type is characterized by: a) climatic conditions favouring winter flower production but limiting summer flower quality, b) lower investment per m2 than in type 1, c) labor cost lower than in type 1, but higher as compared with type 2, d) relatively small units of production, i.e. high overhead expenses, and e) long distance from sites of marketing and consumption. In the past, winter roses were a high cost luxury product. Therefore, in all the three described types of rose cultivation the emphasis was on winter flowering and the flowers were aimed on the same marked in developed countries with high living standards such as Western Europe, North America and Japan. Consequently, this situation as well as the promotion of winter production in the northern countries by implementation of | |
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