ISHS Acta Horticulturae 422: International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production
EXPERIENCES WITH INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN APPLE ORCHARD DURING THE INITIAL PHASE OF A LONG TERM STUDY |
| Authors: | T. Bubán, F. Inántsy, I. Kajati, M. Molnár, P. Sallai, L. Szöke, J. Lantos |
| Abstract:
The possibility of application of integrated fruit production has been tested in a pilot farm of 15 ha at the Research Station, Ujfehértó for three years (1992–1994). The following tendencies have been observed in the IPM orchard: Due to the accurate observations on the swarming of dominant species of insects also the well-oriented spraying and the use of specific insecticides (chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormones) the amount of pesticides applied and the number of applications were decreased. The dominant populations (codling moth, summer fruit tortrix, red spider mites, aphids, leaf miners) are more balanced resulting a decrease of damage by the major pest species. The higher populations of predators and parasites help to control the main pests. No or fewer treatments were needed to control the Phyllonorychter spp., the leaf rollers and the red spider mites. The Mountain - ash bentwing required special spraying (for one year). Two or three treatments in one year were applied to control the aphids, the May bug and the codling moth. Among the beneficial organisms Aphelius mali, Zetzellia mali, Stethorus punctillum, the parasites of leaf miners and leaf rollers, Coccinellidaes also Crysopa spp. were observed. Number of treatments in controlling the diseases apple scab and apple powdery mildew were mainly influenced by the frequency and lengths of infectious periods. Foliar herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate were applied under the trees and partial mechanical tillage was carried out on the between-rows field to control the weeds. Neither the pesticide usage nor the number of plant protection problems decreased in the orchard applying conventional pest control techniques. The cumulated toxicity index (Tc) has been introduced to calculate the pesticide load of the applicator and that of environment: Tc=Sum of [1000 x pesticide(i) rate / LD50(i)] The conventional plant protection results in higher load of environment comparing to the integrated one, specially in the case of insecticides (e.g., 46 times higher in 1994) | |
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